In this lesson, Lawrence Summers explores why it’s critical to have a rational orientation to any problem. Many problems stem from having an unclear understanding of the situation at hand, Summers argues. Therefore, you must begin by defining the problem in the clearest terms possible and then ground yourself in the knowledge of your field.決策過程中，首先對問題有一個合理的定位至關重要。薩默斯認為，很多問題會產生都是因為人們對當下的情況没有一個清晰的了解。所以，解決問題的第一步，就是要以一種儘可能清晰的方式來明確這個問題，然后使用你的專業知識來解決這個問題。